Reflection on the movie We Are Marshall Research Paper

Reflection on the movie We Are Marshall - Research Paper Example Reflection on the movie "We Are Marshall" I consider this movie as an apt tribute to the victims of the plane crash because the remaining members of the Thundering Herd football team are not ready to give up. Besides, the movie is symbolic of the relationship between sports and willpower to withstand critical circumstances in human life. The film and the history of sports and games in America The director makes use of a historical incident in his film to portray the after effect of the same. But the director does not try to unearth the background of the tragic incident. Instead, he utilizes the incident as the background of his film. One can see that injury is usual in sports and games. But destruction of a whole team due to a plane crash is unimaginable. Within this context, the McG is aware of his role as film director. He never tries to unveil the background of the tragic incident. But he totally ignores the background and concentrates his attention on the after effect of the plane crash. If the director tries to concentr ate on the background of the incident, the output will be a historical anecdote. Here, a film direct cannot use his or her individual freedom. If the director decides to make use of an incident as a theme, he or she can utilize individual freedom. In my opinion, the director did not get distracted by the historical importance of the incident. This helps the film to go beyond a historical anecdote with limited scope. So, one can see that a historical event is the film’s theme but the same is used as a foundation to portray the after effects or the following events. ... Tribute to the victims of plane crash The film is based upon a real incident which happened in the year 1970 in America. Baker Publishing Group (2009) stated that, â€Å"In the sports movie We Are Marshall, nearly the entire Marshall University football team dies in a plane crash† (p. 411). The team members and the officials of the Thundering Herd football team became victims to the Southern Airways Flight 932 crash. The travel by flight was a rare event for the Thundering Herd football team because they usually made use of other transportation facilities. The Marshall University never suspected a tragic end to their players. One can see that the future dreams of number of families became futile due to the plane crash. But the University authorities were not ready to forget the victims and their family members. The memorials erected at the University campus and Spring Hill Cemetery is symbolic of the homage to the victims of the plane crash. On the other side, the directorâ₠¬â„¢s attempt to inculcate the plane crash and its after effects in his film can be considered as an apt visual tribute for the victims. But the director never tries to consider his film as investigation on the back ground of the plane crash. Instead, he tries to attract the attention of the viewers towards the after effects of the tragedy. I consider the director’s effort is important because it helps the viewers to realize that how to show tribute to the victims of manmade or natural disasters. Sports and games and willpower I consider that one’s achievement in the field of sports is interconnected with one’s willpower to withstand challenges in life. At the same time, failure to achieve success in a sports event helps human beings to realize that the

Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Starbucks - Research Paper Example Essentially, it offers a limited variety of products, with its main product coffee. There is need for diversification in the kind of products offered to the customers as a company attracts all types of people to its stores. Some people may want to meet in the Starbucks stores, but one does not take coffee but prefers soft drinks such as Pepsi, however, since the company does not store Pepsi as part of its products, these potential customers are likely to opt for another place to hold their meeting. Starbucks enjoys high popularity from its customers due to the high quality drinks and snacks that it provides to the people. Its coffee, being the best in the market has a great taste and smell. However, a section of people accuses the company of adding a number of additives in their drinks to give them a good taste. This makes their drinks unhealthy. Any foodstuff regarded as containing any type of chemicals does not qualify as safe. Instead, it loses its healthy qualities and becomes un healthy. The kind of snacks that the company provides to its customers is low in their nutrient value and high in fat, sugar and salt content. Therefore, these foods fall in the category of junk food. Junk as a type of food poses a number of risks to the users. One of these problems is that they lead to poor health of the people. Major characteristics of the people used to junk food are obesity and high weight conditions. The company, to remain competitive in the ever growing food market, it has to adapt a new product design. In the proposed design, the organization should consider the nutrient level of the product. Old folks do not consider taste as being the biggest factor when deciding the kind of products to purchase. This should be the biggest factor that Starbucks has to consider when deciding on their product development cycle. Snacks and drinks that the company has to offer should address the nutrient content. There must be special drinks for the diabetic and pregnant women. Three strategies that Starbucks need to implement while developing its products include increasing the variety of products offered to the people. Another strategy involves deciding providing drinks that are free of additives and some should have their original natural taste. Finally, the kind of snacks provided should be low in fat, sugar and salt content. 2. Five key components of supply chain management that affects Starbucks as an organization. According to Dam & Skjott-Larsen (2005), the five components of supply chain include planning, sourcing, making, delivering and returning. Starbucks needs to make a strategy on how to manage the resources in order to increase the customer demand for their products and services. The supply chain ensures that the company provides high quality products to its customers and thus win their loyalty (Dam & Skjott-Larsen, 2005). Sourcing to Starbucks involves a careful selection of suppliers to deliver goods and services required for the producti on of goods and services for the company. Managers of Starbucks need to develop a pricing and delivery system in the supply chain. Additionally, managers can also put down processes for managing their goods and inventory. In manufacturing, the supply chain manager should schedule the activities needed for the product

B2C (Business to Consumer) case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

B2C (Business to Consumer) case study - Essay Example E-business provides communication between customers and organisations and they can exchange standard business transactions through online media (Yang & et. al., 2003). E-business in broad context can be stated as any business procedure that organisations carry out by computer networks, comprising internal and external communication flows. Through e-business, customers can make any transactions on the computer network, comprising transfer of proprietorship, or the right to use products and services. The transaction is performed within chosen e-business procedures and is considered to be completed upon agreement between purchasers and sellers regarding the use of products and services. Concerning the relationship between different participants, e-business can be classified into three categories namely B2C, B2B and C2C (Zakic & Mladenovic, 2011). Focusing on this aspect, the report describes a popular B2C application namely ‘Online Bookstore’ and its role in the respective industry. ... E-business opens the door to the notion of commercial activities without any border. Globally, it has also been observed that most popular products for online shopping are books, apparel and accessories (yStats, 2013). According to the report of Pitney Bowes (2013), online shopping is continuing to grow with e-business and is predicted to reach US$963 billion by 2013 in an international extent. The quickly expanding international digital community signifies a massive potential marketplace for any retail business with internet presence. Besides, the report of Pitney Bowes states that most common products which are purchased through internet are books, clothes and magazines. Wherein the overall market of physical books has declined, e-books sales have increased considerably. Indeed, popular e-book retailer Amazon has reported double-digit growth in the year 2011. The following figure demonstrates products purchased through internet in 2012. Fig 1: Products Purchased Through Internet So urce: (Pitney Bowes, 2013) From the above figure, it can be observed that online book shipping is regarded as the most popular item for a majority of online shoppers. According to the research of The Publishers Association, in the year 2012, the books sales in the United States were about ?3.3 billion, with 66% increase in online book sales. Online book sales represented about 12% of the total book sales in the United Kingdom (The Publishers Association, 2013). In the US, the revenue generated through book publishing had increased to about 3.1% in the year 2010 to a figure of US$27.9 billion. The percentage of sales of online book had increased to about 29.4 in 2009 and 38.9 in 2010 (German Book Office New York, 2010). According to the study of Nielsen (2010), books and

Managament of Specific Risk Exposures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managament of Specific Risk Exposures - Essay Example al 1996). Environmental auditing helps identify the problem areas. This would aid in developing schemes and precedencies by which the different issues may be dealt. Environmental auditors' objective with regard to this particular construction work is to clean the contamination of the water table and the running stream as these areas are assigned for tiny parks within the new Village. The main objective of the new administrator of the council is to see through the completion of the project. He has to see to it that all the employees whether temporary or otherwise is satisfied once the project gets over. It is his duty to see that all the legal rules and regulations are followed by the company. The main objective of the contracted construction workers is to earn as much as possible till such time the project lasts. As these workers are not permanent but are contracted for a particular job their aim is to make money which might see them through in the lean season also. The union of the workers' feels that since the administrator is new there may be some hitch in their relationship with regard to the workers welfare. The union also feels that the new administrator may handle workers roughly which might lead to disaster. The environmental auditor... The union also feels that the new administrator may handle workers roughly which might lead to disaster. Risk to the environmental auditors The environmental auditors perceive risk with regard to cleaning the contaminated water table. Since no companies are available at the local to clean the polluted water the company is at a high risk of not getting the project approved. Risk perceived by Wishford Bird Lover's Society There are three nests of the orange crested cuckoo (listed as an endangered species) in areas designated for new houses. The Wishford Bird lover's Society feel that these birds may migrate to other places when they (birds) perceive danger to their breeding and nesting. Risk to Wishford Council's new administrator Since the administrator is new it might take some time for him to adjust with the other employees and to gain their confidence. Gaining the confidence of employees has to be achieved within no time or else the project may take more time for completion. Apart from this since he is a new employee it might take some time for him to study the present workers and the rules and regulations of the council. Risks to Hartford Brown contracted construction workers Contracted workers at construction sites are always in danger of contacting occupational diseases. They also are exposed to some highly dangerous materials like asbestos which might be used in construction works. Q.1. (c) The overall project manager can draft all the risks attributed to the different stakeholders and form a report. This report has to be prepared in consultation of each of the stakeholders by identifying risks involved in their respective areas. The risk arising directly from the project has to be segregated from other risks which might rise

Texas History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Texas History - Essay Example 7. Convicts of the colonies would be sent to Texas for construction projects. 8. The ban did not diminish migration of US citizens to migrating to Texas. 9. Forced Texas to comply with emancipation proclamation or be threatened by military intervention. 10. Authorized loan to fund cost of migrating immigrants. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna   1. Famous battle warrior that fought more wars than Washington and Napoleon. 2. Served as a dictator for a long time 3. Needed military ambitions to support his leadership 4. In his quest as a leader, invaded Cuba and attempted to retake Mexico. 5. Greatly influenced the politics of Spanish and Mexican politics. 6. Lead Mexican troops to Alamo in which he was defeated 7. Was exiled to US after his defeat in Alamo 8. Fought in the Mexican American war with the Mexicans. 9. Got no attention in his later years of life 10. Died in Mexico City on June 21, 1876 Lorenzo de Zavala   1. Prominent leaders of leading Texas’s struggle to be liberate d 2. Best known as an author for his writing about the liberation of Mexico. 3. Big advocator of democratic reform. 4. Serves as the Mexican Constituent Congress and was elected as a senate member from 1822 to 1826. 5. Held several positions in the government and propagated for Mexican federalism. 6. Signed the Texas declaration of Independence in the Convention of 1836. 7. Edited and was part of the newspaper that propagated for democratic reform. 8. Was imprisoned by the England and taught himself how to be literate during those years. 9. Was exiled in June 1830 when President Bustamente got ousted. 10. Traveled to New York and Texas in his life. Sam Houston 1. 19th century American statesman and soldier 2. Part of Scottish-Irish family 3. Became a primary figure for Texas and was elected as the first and third President for Texas. 4. Was involved in the War of 1812 to fight the British 5. A devoted Christian and was later baptized in his life. 6. The city of Houston along with ma ny other places are named after him. 7. Was involved with a clash with a US congressman that was public. 8. One of the key figures to serve as the governor of Houston. 9. Spent time with Cherokee Nation and later became a citizen. 10. Was elected as a governor of Tennessee in 1827. Battle of the Alamo   1. Was a critical point in the Texas revolution. 2. Initiated by the Mexican troops under General lopes to invade the Alamo. 3. Texas army was joined by US army in which they defeated the Mexican Army. 4. Lead to a point in which all Mexican troops were driven out. 5. The Mexican army relentlessly kept attacking the Alamo and eventually succeed in slaying the Texan-American army. 6. Sparked the Mexican-American war from 1846 to 1848. 7. The battle of Alamo remains as a massacre site for sides 8. Travis, one of the leaders of the Texan Army, wrote his famous letter to "the people of Texas and all Americans of the world" requesting more men. 9. The Alamo served as home to missionarie s and American Indian converts. 10. In the 20th century, the Texas labeled Alamo as a prominent place. Stephen F. Austin’s was one of the most amazing personalities that literally changed from an empresario to a revolutionary. Austin was born in Virginia and was a founder of the Angl-American state of Texas. Austin is best known for his cooperation with the Mexican government as he introduced a mass number of colonists from the states to the neighboring country. Austin had a

U.S. Health Care System Essay Example for Free

U.S. Health Care System Essay Health care system in the United States is on an unsustainable way and in need of transformation. Even if, it has both private and public insurers like in other countries but the uniqueness of this system is dominant of the private component. The United States spends more on health care than any other nation but the nation is less healthy than the average population in other developed countries. Additionally, many people stay uninsured and do not have access to health care. There is a need for a deep change in the system of health care (Chua, 2006). This paper will identify and evaluate three forces that have affected the development of the health care system in the United States of America. Than, it will speculate whether or not these forces will continue to affect the health care system in the U.S. over the next decade including additional force impacting the health care system of the nation. Finally, it will evaluate the importance of technology in health care. Three Forces That Have Affected the Development of the Health Care System in the United States of America. The development of health care system in the U.S. has been affected by many different forces such social, economy, behavioral, political and technological issues. A very important factor affecting health care system is economy. The economy aspect in health care includes employment, health care cover and costs that allow people to have financial access to healthcare. In such an unstable economy as we have faced recently some employers drop or restrict coverage or prevent eligibility of its employees to continue coverage. Even more, they have a tendency to reduce costs of health care insurance by readjusting the benefits offered or sharing in the cost. Those with low income or those who lost their jobs are left uninsured. Moreover, employer-sponsored healthcare coverage has changed and some employees are no longer offering health care insurance coverage as a benefit. This will continue to be an issue in the health care system if the economy remains in recession (American Medical Association, 2005). In March 2010 the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed and supposed to increase quality and affordability of health insurance while reducing costs of health care for individuals and government but still is difficult to estimate if this act is going to bring real changes in health care field (Cembranelli, 2012). Another force affecting health care system in America is a social factor that interacts with the economy. The size and composition of population has a great influence on health services. Since the rate of births is higher than the number of deaths; the population has grown remarkably. Also, the constantly increasing number of immigrants affects the current population of the country. According to the data from by the census bureau, the aging population is healthier and lives longer then previous generations. Their way of live is more beneficial to health; they have more active lifestyles, social activities and cosmetic medicines. Such tendency impacts the health care system. The biomedical advances enhance longevity that leads to longer periods of economic and social dependency, while improving the quality of life. The aging population intensifies a burden on the younger workers and  will result to impact social policies, taxes, politics and life in general. In the same way, fertility, abortion trends, mortality trends affecting life expectancy, infant and maternal mortality impact the development of health care (Wiliams Torrens, 2010). Additional aspects influencing the development of health care systems in the U.S are behavioral factors. Many advances have been made in the field of disease preventions, treatments and lifestyle patterns. The rise of the AIDS woke up individuals to the fact that infectious diseases are still challenging. Controlling infectious disease has become a significant public health issue and is associated with an improvement in living conditions. Challenges in mortality are currently focused on chronic diseases and awareness to fight new outbreaks of infectious diseases play a major part. Threats of biological weapons in war terror, exposure to violence, vehicular accidents, and use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco products as well as infectious agents have an impact on behavior. Sexual behaviors have an impact on the widespread of sexually transmitted diseases resulting an increase in infertility, cancer and other complications. Moreover, intensified stress in daily life, workplace violence, issues in marriage, domestic abuse and many other problems brings breakdowns and deterioration of human immune system and affects morbidity and mortality that are linked to behavior and social interaction. The failure of the society to address social, behavioral and economics causes of disease will continue to affect the development of the healthcare system (Williams Torrens, 2010). How the Forces Will Affect the Health Care System in the United States of America Over the Next Decade, Including Additional Force-Medical Technology. All of the forces that affect the health care in the U.S. will continue over the next decade especially that there is a failure in addressing them. There is a chance that situation may even worsen and new challenges can arise. Even if, improvements of technology constantly increase efficiency, the cost of new tests and treatments will be greater than the savings based on mentioned previously economic, social and behavior factors. Health care will keep getting better in diagnosis and treating diseases lengthening patients  lives and at the same time increasing the number of people requiring care (Adams, Archbold, Munib, New, 2007). The U.S. health care system is dysfunctional and can no longer continue as it currently operates. With or without Affordable Care Act (ACA), there is a need for a deep change. The United States spends more money on health care because a nation is less healthy on the average than the rest of the developed world. The system is dysfunctional and ACA is fast-tracking the process of changes that will be faced by the economic and business challenges by health care organizations. The required adjustments to healthcare organizations operating budgets and methodologies for delivering medicine may become a big issue. Health care organizations will have to go from volume-based reimbursement in medicine based on the number of procedures done or patients seen to a value-based system that will give the same money for every patient regardless of the procedure performed. Health care organizations may have lower income since they will treat more patients. They may face cost-pressure factors such as the overall cost of medical care and the increased incidence of chronic disease, cost transparency and reference pricing, increased government role in paying for care, increased coverage and limited highly skilled medical workforce There is a prediction that forty million more people will be covered nationally, at reimbursement rates below the cost of providing that care (Adams et al., 2007). Among the economic, social and behavioral forces impacting development of the health care system is medical technology that brings a great change in the health care but it raises costs of health care. It impacts economy, organizations, industry as well as patients, insurance beneficiaries and social and governmental policy. Medical technology increases cost in health care on one hand but on the other hand improves diagnosing and treatment. Use of current medical technology allows health care organizations to develop new products and services and this way increase standards of offered services. As new technologies are developed, they bring new ethical and regulatory issues. Issues in technological advances will bring more challenges and affect the development of the health care services bringing  it into the new century (Etheredge, Jones, Lewin, 1996). The Importance of Technology in Health Care. Technology today plays an important role in health care because it improves quality of care. According to Williams and Torrens (2010), technology is the driving force of health care. It helps in the storing and organization of patient records or information and gives access to doctors to medical records. Use of technology in health care allows better and faster diagnosis and treatments. The technology is very beneficial in overcoming communication barriers in health care. It has an impact in so many areas in the healthcare world such as economic, clinical, organization, and industrial impact as well as on patients and insurance beneficiaries, social, government and policy impact. It is a hope for a long, productive life for millions of people but it has to be properly implemented by trained individuals. Health care organizations must ensure that they hire the proper staff capable to implement it while providing security and protection of patients data. Proper implementation of technology allows capturing, track, record and recognizing illnesses quickly and treating them effectively. Technology lets people and communities to stay healthy by providing them access whenever it is needed. Moreover, it brings opportunities to wellness and will also be used to stabilize physiology, modify risky behaviors, design and field snap clinical trials advancing biomedical knowledge and care for individuals with health care challenges. Despite of all benefits that technology brings to health care, today some express a concern that innovation is being stifled, capital is unavailable for technology acquisition, and reimbursement is inadequate (Graham, Estrin, Horvitz, Kohane, Mynatt, 2011). Conclusion Health care system in the United States is struggling with high cost while trying to improve quality and increasing access for the health services. There are social, economy, behavioral, political and technological factors that affect development in health care system in the country. An important  role in this development plays technology that improves quality and efficiency of diagnosis and treatment on one hand but on the other hand increases significantly costs of health care. There is a deep need to transform the health care system by improving the experience of care and the health of populations at the same time reducing costs of health care. REFERENCES Adams, J., Archbold, B. L., Munib, E. L., New, D. (2007). _Healthcare 2015 and U.S. health plan. New roles, new competencies_. Retrieved January 21, 2014, from http://www.healthleadersmedia.com American Medical Association (2005). Socioeconomic Status in Health Reaserch. _The Journal of the American Medical Association, 294_(22), . doi:10.1001/jama.294..22.2879. Cembranelli, F. (). _What are the six forces that affect innovation in healthcare?_ Retrieved January 20, 2014, from http://empreendersaude.com Chua, K. P. (2006, February). _Overview of the U.S. Health Care System_. Retrieved January 20, 2014, from http://amsa.org/AMSA/Libraries/Committee_Docs/HealthCareasystemOvervi ew.sflb.ashx Etheredge, L., Jones, S. B., Lewin, L. (1996). What is driwving health system change? _Health Affairs, 4_, 93-104. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.15.4.93 Graham, S., Estrin, D., Horvitz, E., Kohane, I., Mynatt, E. (2011). _Information Technology Research Chalanges for Healthcare: From Discovery to Delivery_. Retrieved n.d., from http://www.cra.org/ccc/national-priorities/healthcare Wiliams, S. J., Torrens, P. R. (2010). _Introduction to Health Services_ (7  ed.). Mason: Cengage Learning.

Overview Of Cooling System Engineering Essay

Overview Of Cooling System Engineering Essay In order to reducing fuel consumption and meet the emission standards, many improvements has been made. The examples of the improvements are combustion strategies, fuel injection system, exhaust emission and fuel quality[1]. There are four possible sources of atmospheric pollution from the automobile. Without emission controls, a carburetor and fuel tank emits vapors, the crankcase emits blowby gases and the tailpipe emits exhaust gases that contain pollutants. The main regulated pollutant in engine exhaust are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke[2]. These air pollutants are harmful to human beings as well as plants and animals. The law now requires automotive manufacturers to install emission controls. Car that gives off excessive amount of air pollutants may not be allowed on the streets someday. Stronger laws limiting automotive air pollution and mandatory inspection and maintenance has been proposed. These laws are part of the government policy that cars must contribute as little as possible to the problem of air pollution. Each car already have three major systems for controlling pollutants from these sources that is positive crankcase ventilation (PVC), evaporative emission control and exhaust emission control. But in this study we want to focus more on engine cooling system and its effects to the emission reduction, fuel consumption and engine performance. Now, we will through about the components of engine cooling system and its functions. Engine cooling system is a system that responsible for cooling the engine by releasing heat through the cooling fins so that the carà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine is not too hot or not too cold. This system helps to bring the engine up at to normal operating temperatures as quickly as possible and maintain the operating temperature for efficient function of the car engine. It is very important to keep the engine at its most operating temperature at all speeds and operating conditions. Burning fuel in the engine produces heat. Some of the heat must be taken away before it damages the engine parts. This is one of the jobs that performed by the cooling system. If the engine temperature is too low, fuel consumption will rise and if the temperature is too hot for too long, the engine will overheat. 1.2 TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEM There are two types of car cooling system which is the air cooling system and liquid cooling system. Air cooling system is a system that uses air as a cooling agent. It is commonly used in single cylinder engines such as motorcycles while liquid cooling system is known as the radiator system. It a system that uses liquid as a cooling agent and is used in a multi-cylinder engine such as cars and trucks. Radiator is the crucial components in the car cooling system. It ensures the engine is not overheating. Figure 1.1 : Cooling System Components [12] 1.3 COMPONENTS OF COOLING SYSTEM 1.3.1 WATER JACKET For operation of the cooling systems, it uses five basic parts or components to do the job in controlling the engine temperature that is water jackets, water pump, thermostat, radiator and fan. Water jackets are open spaces between the cylinder walls and the outside shell of the block and head. Coolant from the water pump flows first through the block water jackets. Then, the coolant flows up through the cylinder head water jackets and back to the radiator. 1.3.2 WATER PUMP Water pump usually known as impeller pumps. It is attached to the front of the engine and are driven by a belt from crankshaft pulley. The pump circulates as much as 28 390 L of coolant an hour. As the impeller rotates, the curved blades draw coolant from the bottom of the radiator. It forces the coolant from the pump outlet to the water jackets. The impeller shaft is supported on sealed bearings which never need lubrication. The seals prevent the coolant from leaking past the bearings. 1.3.3 RADIATOR Radiator is a heat exchanger that removes heat from engine coolant that passing through it. The heat transfer from the hot coolant to the cooler outside air. It has three main parts that is radiator core, inlet and outlet tanks. The core consists of set of tubes and set of fins that attached to the tubes. Figure 1.2 : Coolant Flow Inside Engine Cooling System [12]C:UsersFaisal Mamat.FaisalMamat-PCDesktopCapture.PNG 1.3.4 THERMOSTAT For thermostat, it is a heat operated valve that regulates the coolant temperatures. It does this by controlling the coolant flow from the engine to the radiator. The thermostat is in the coolant passage between the cylinder head and the radiator. The valve in thermostat stay open and close as coolant temperature changes. As long as the coolant temperature is below the thermostat set point, the thermostat remains closed. Once the temperature arrives at the set point, the thermostat starts to open, sending heated coolant through the radiator. The radiator then cools the heated engine coolant and the water pump forces the coolant back through the engine. The passage to the radiator is closed when the engine is cold so the engine can warms up more quickly. Engine heat stays in the engine instead of being carried to the radiator. Figure 1.3 : Closed Position of Thermostat [12] Figure 1.4 : Open Position of Thermostat [12] 1.3.5 ELECTRIC FAN An electric fan is turned on by thermostatic switch only when needed. For example, it turns on when the coolant temperature reach 93 °C and turn off back the fan if the coolant drops below this temperature. But on vehicles with air conditioning, turning on the air conditioner bypass the thermostatic switch. The fans run all the time when air conditioner is on. The fan is controlled by electronic control module (ECM) in many vehicles with an electronic engine control system. 1.4 PROPERTIES OF COOLANT 1.4.1 TAP WATER Tap water is potable water supplied to a tap inside the household or workplace. The application of technologies involved in providing clean water to homes, businesses and public buildings is a major subfield of sanitary engineering. Specific chemical compounds are often added to tap water during the treatment process to adjust the pH or remove contaminants, as well as chlorine to kill biological toxins. The use of tap water adversely affect the car cooling system. Tap water contains magnesium and calcium ions that will form the yellow precipitate (rust) when the water becomes hot. The yellow precipitate will be attached to the car engine after long time period and this will reduce the absorption of heat from the engine. If this rust become denser, it can interfere the passage of cooling liquid in the car cooling system. 1.4.2 ETHYLENE GLYCOL (EG) Ethylene glycol is an organic compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze and a precursor to polymers. In its pure form, it is an odorless, colorless, syrupy, sweet-tasting liquid. Ethylene glycol is toxic, and ingestion can result in death. Ethylene glycol is produced from ethylene via the intermediate ethylene oxide. The major use of ethylene glycol is as a medium for convective heat transfer. For example, automobiles and liquid cooled computers. Pure ethylene glycol has a specific heat capacity about one half that of water. So, while providing freeze protection and an increased boiling point, ethylene glycol lowers the specific heat capacity of water mixtures relative to pure water. A 50/50 mix by mass has a specific heat capacity of about 0.75 BTU/lb F, thus requiring increased flow rates in same system comparisons with water. 1.5 FUEL Gasoline is a transparent, petroleum derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasoline also contain ethanol as an alternative fuel. A good gasoline quality should have : Proper volatility, which determines how easily the gasoline vaporizes. Resistance to spark knock or detonation. Oxidation inhibitors, which prevent formation of gum in the fuel system. Antirust agents, which prevent rusting of metal parts in the fuel system. Detergents, which keep help keep the carburetor or fuel injectors clean. Dye for identification, such as red eye which gives leaded gasoline a rust or orange colour. 1.5.1 VOLATILITY Volatility is the ease with which a gasoline vaporizes. Gasoline must vaporize quickly after it is mixed with air in the throttle body or intake manifold. Otherwise, drops of liquid gasoline enter the cylinder walls. This increases wear of the cylinder walls, pistons and rings. Gasoline that does not vaporize will not burn. It leaves the cylinder in the exhaust gas and pollutes the air. This wastes gasoline and reduces fuel economy. Volatility determines how quickly a gasoline can vaporizes. A high volatility gasoline can vaporizes quickly while a low volatility gasoline vaporizes slowly. Gasoline must have the right volatility for the climate in which it is used. 1.5.2 ANTIKNOCK QUALITY Antiknock is known as octane rating. It measure the gasoline ability to resist knock during combustion. The higher the octane rating, the greater the engines resistance to knock. The knocking in your engine occurs when the air fuel mixture detonates prematurely. Since it is the gasoline vapor that ignites, the air fuel mixture must be correct to burn smoothly. Some of the problems associated with knock are overheating of engine parts such as valves, pistons and spark plugs. 1.6 EMISSION Then we will go for the explanation about the combustion in the engine and how it resulting emission. Automotive fuels such as gasoline are made mostly of two elements that hydrogen and carbon. They have chemical symbols H and C. This type of fuel is hydrocarbon (HC). During complete combustion in the engine, these two elements unite with other element, the gas oxygen. Oxygen, usually in the form of free oxygen (O2), makes up about 20 percent of the earth atmosphere. This is the air that we breathe. During combustion process, each atom of oxygen will unites with two hydrogen atoms. Each carbon atom unites with two oxygen atoms. Oxygen uniting with hydrogen produces water (H2O). Carbon uniting with oxygen produces gas carbon dioxide (CO2). During combustion, the burning of air fuel mixture in the engine cylinder may reach 2200oC or higher. This high temperature produces pressure in the engine that makes it run and produces power. With perfect combustion, all the hydrogen and carbon in gasoline would unite with the oxygen. The exhaust would contain only harmless H2O and CO2. But combustion is not perfect in the engine. Some of the gasoline (HC) does not burn. Also, some of it only partly burns. This produces carbon monoxide (CO). This lack of oxygen prevents the formation of carbon dioxide. The unburned gasoline and partly burned gasoline (CO) exit from the engine through the tailpipe. Once in the air, it will cause atmospheric pollution. Another group of atmospheric pollutants th e engine is nitrogen oxide (NOx). About 80 percent of the atmosphere is gas nitrogen (N). High temperatures in the combustion chamber cause some of the nitrogen and oxygen to unite and form nitrogen oxide (NOx). 1.7 PROBLEM STATEMENT Nowadays the rate of fuel consumption currently going on throughout the world is quite alarming. Fuel consumption and emission rates are off the chart. This will give negative impact to the environment and increase the pollution rate. Basically the power to move a motor vehicle comes from the burning of air fuel mixture in an engine. Air pollutants from vehicles comes from the products of this combustion process. With perfect combustion process, the emission would be water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Both of these are harmless gases. But combustion is not perfect in an engine. Some of the gasoline (HC) does not burn and some of it only partly burns. This produces carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). Both of these gases are air pollutants and breathing polluted air is very bad for human and animals. Then the demand for low cost car from customer that has good performance with low fuel consumption and emission also increase. Usually car that has good performance will have high fuel consumption and emission rate. In order to solve these problems, the study about engine cooling system and its effects towards engine performance, fuel consumption and emission reduction will be conducted. Two types of liquid cooling such as tap water and ethylene glycol will be used and its temperature will be checked in order to investigate the influenced to these 3 outputs. 1.8 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH To study the effect of engine cooling system and its components to the engine performance, fuel consumption and emission. To investigate the influence of percentage of ethylene glycol in the coolant and coolant temperature set point to the engine performance, fuel usage and emission rate. 1.9 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH The scope of this researched is mainly about the variations percentage of coolant (ethylene glycol) mixed with water and its temperature effects towards engine performance, fuel consumption and emission. The percentage that will be used for ethylene glycol are 30%, 50% and 70%. For every percentage, the coolant temperature set point will be controlled using two kind of thermostat with temperature set point 80oC and 100oC. The increasing temperature in cylinder block by increasing the coolant temperature results in fuel savings and emission reduction. Boiling Point Ethylene Glycol solution (% by volume) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature F 212 214 216 220 220 225 232 245 260 288 386 C 100 101.1 102.2 104.4 104.4 107.2 111.1 118 127 142 197 Table 1.1 : Boiling Point of Ethylene Glycol Solutions [13] Car model that will be used is Perodua Kancil 660cc (4 stroke and 3 cylinder). Then for the fuel, petrol RON 95 will be used. Three test will be conducted in investigate the engine performance, fuel consumption and emission rate. The test for engine performance is dynamometer test. A dynamometer is a device that is used for measuring force, moment of force (torque), and power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (RPM). For the fuel consumption, we will conducted a fuel test by using a new tank provided by automotive lab. Unit to measure the fuel test is in liter/km. To measuring the emission rate, gas analyzer is used and the measurement unit is in concentration of gas which is parts per million (ppm). 1.10 SIGNIFICANT OF THE RESEARCH This study will give better understanding and exposure about the operation in the engine cooling system and how it will effects the engine performance, fuel consumption and emission. Reducing the fuel expenses by car users as the rate of fuel consumption reduced. The expected output to reducing the emission will result in increased the air quality that is harmful to humans. It also will lead in reducing the air pollution rate and provide more safer environment for people. The low cost car with good performance and low on fuel and emission rate also will be develop. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 COOLING SYSTEM OPERATION A huge amount of heat is generated in the internal combustion engines. It is created when the air fuel mixture is ignited inside the combustion chamber. The explosion that occur will causes the piston to be forced down inside the cylinder, levering the connecting rods and turning the crankshaft. The temperatures of the metal parts around the cylinder can exceed 2500oC. To prevent the components such as engine oil, cylinder walls, pistons, and valves from overheating, it is necessary to effectively dispose the heat. Approximately 30% of heat in the combustion process is lost into the atmosphere through the exhaust system, 35% is converted into power to drive the vehicle and the remaining 35% lost as heat through the cylinder walls [9]. Water pump is attached at the front of the engine and driven by a belt from crankshaft pulley. The impeller rotates and the curved blades draw liquid cooling from the bottom of the radiator and force it to flow through pump outlets and water jackets. The liquid cooling will flow through passageways in the engine block and cylinder head. Temperature in the combustion chamber can around 2500oC, so cooling around this area is critical to prevent overheat. The areas around exhaust valve are especially crucial and almost all space inside the cylinder head around the valve that is not needed for structure filled with coolant. But when the engine is still cold, thermostat still close and the liquid cooling is circulated back to the engine. By closing the passage through radiator when engine is cold, the engine warms up more quickly. Engine heat stays in the engine instead of being carried to the radiator. This shortens warms up time, wastes less fuel and reduces exhaust emissions [3]. After engine already heat up, the thermostat keeps the engine running at a higher temperature than it would without a thermostat. The higher operating temperature improves engines efficiency and reduces exhaust emissions [3]. 2.1.1 EFFECT OF RADIATOR A radiator usually known as heat exchanger. The hot coolant that flows through it will transfer the heat by the air blown through the aluminium fins by fan. Nowadays modern cars use aluminium radiators. It usually made by brazing thin aluminium fins to flattened aluminium tubes. Flow of the coolant is from inlet to the outlet through many tubes that mounted in parallel arrangement. These fins will conduct the heat from the coolant inside the tubes and transfer it through the air that flowing through the radiator.[1] A type of fin is inserted into the tube called turbulator. Its function is to increases the turbulence of the fluid flowing through the tubes. If the flowing of the fluid through the tubes is smooth, only the fluid that touching the tubes would be cool directly. The amount of heat transferred from the fluid to the tubes depends on the difference in the temperature between the tube and the fluid touching it. Therefore, less heat will be transferred if the fluid that is in contact with the tube cools down quickly. To prevent that, turbulence is created inside the tube and all of fluid mixes together. Keeping the temperature of the fluid touching the tubes up so that more heat can be extracted and all of the fluid inside the tube is used effectively. 2.1.2 EFFECT OF RADIATOR FAN The function of radiator fan is to draw the air towards the radiator and helps to cool the hot coolant that flowing through the tubes. It usually has four or more blades that spin rapidly to provide sufficient air to that would cool the engine. The fan will be mounted between the radiator and the engine so that the air can easily flowing through the radiator. There are also additional fan in front of the radiator in some cars in order to draw more cool air to the engine especially when vehicle is not moving fast enough, very little cool air reaches the radiator and the engine is not cooled properly. 2.1.3 EFFECT OF PRESSURE CAP The radiator cap or also known as pressure cap actually increases the boiling point of your coolant by about 25oC. The cap is a pressure release valve and usually is set to 15 psi. When the coolant is placed under pressure, its boiling point will increase. As the engine running, the cooling system will be heated up and increase the pressure. The only place where the pressure can escape is at the pressure cap. Therefore, the setting of the spring on the cap determines the maximum pressure in the cooling system. If the pressure reaches 15 psi, it will push the valve open and allowing the coolant to escape from the cooling system. The flowing of the coolant is from overflow tube to into the bottom of the overflow tank. This kind of arrangement will keep air out of the system. After the radiator is already cools back down, a vacuum is created in the cooling system that pulls open another spring loaded valve while sucking the water back in from the bottom of the overflow tank to replace the water that was expelled. 2.1.4 EFFECT OF WATER PUMP Water pumps are impeller pumps. They attached to the front of the engine and driven by a belt from the crankshaft pulley. As the impeller rotates, the curved blades draw coolant from the bottom of the radiator[3]. The water pump only thrust to drive the circular flow of the coolant within the engine cooling system, so the inlet is the point of lowest pressure in the system and the exit point is the highest pressure. The pressure drops sharply at the inlet/outlet of the water pump during the operational of the water engines and this pressure drop will vary in proportion to the rotational speed. Water pumps in engines are prone to cavitation and air bubbles are likely to permeate in to antifreeze and will severely reducing the performance, reliability and service life of the engines[6]. Cavitation means the cavities or bubbles are forming in the liquid that have been are pumping. These cavities form at the low pressure or suction side of the pump. For the well design engine cooling sys tem, cavitation is less likely to take occur as the temperature of the coolant declines. But when the cavitation temperature is reached, the pressure of the water pumps drops abruptly and all the cooling system loses its functionality. 2.1.5 EFFECT OF THERMOSTAT The main function of the thermostat is to allow the engine to heat up quickly and keep it at its efficient temperature. It control this by regulating the amount of water that goes through the radiator. The coolant in the cooling system starts to initiate by picking up heat at the water jackets. In the coolant circuit, the pressure gradient exist and causing the hot coolant flows out from the engine to the radiator or to coolant bypass passage [2]. Once the temperatures of the coolant rises to 80oC, the thermostat starts to open. Different thermostat open at different temperatures and allowing fluid to flow through the radiator. The secret of the thermostat lies in the small cylinder located on the engine side of the device. Actually this cylinder is filled with wax that starts to melt at temperatures 80oC (depends on the thermostat). Then, a rod that is connected to the valve press into this wax. As the wax melts. It will expands and pushing the rod out of the cylinder and opening th e valve. 2.2 EFFECT OF COOLANT Coolant is the mixture of antifreeze and water in the cooling system. The commonly used antifreeze is Ethylene Glycol. This coolant will circulate through the cooling system. It will remove the waste heat from the engine and delivers the heat through the radiator hose to the radiator. It is not recommended to use only water as a liquid cooling because it would freeze if the temperature drop below 0oC. This would stop the circulation and the engine would overheat. As the water would expand 9% as it freezes, it would crack the cylinder block and head, split the radiator [3]. By controlling the engine cooling system in a flexible way as compare to the conventional cooling system, it will improve the fuel consumption rate of spark ignition (SI) engines [11]. It is known from the cold start research that the coolant and inlet charge temperature are key parameters to reduce pollutant emissions and guarantee smooth engine operation. Cold start experiment were performed with coolant temperatures of 15oC and 80oC. In the steady state operation reached after the start, the piston surface temperature was respectively 110oC and 150oC. The HC emissions were 25% lower and the NOx emissions 7% higher with the higher coolant temperature. It seems to indicate that there is an influence of the coolant temperature on the emissions through the cylinder wall temperatures [5]. In the search for greater fuel economy and reduced emission output, the engine cooling system is being targeted for further improvements to engine performance through its effects on engine frictional losses. Fuel economy improvements from the changes to the engine cooling system are derived mainly from reduced engine frictional losses with increased oil temperature by raising the engine operating temperature indirectly through the step increase in the coolant temperature. Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) output are also shown to decrease with the increase in operating temperature [7]. There are also suggestion that higher cylinder block temperatures will reduce the frictional losses with the piston and ring pack and will lead to reducing fuel consumption [10]. But the increasing of operating temperature has a negative effect on nitrogen oxide (NOx) output as the formation of NOx in the combustion chamber can be highly sensitive to temperature changes [7]. There are some previous works in the engine cooling area focuses on to the fuel economy benefit to IC engines through the reduction engine frictional losses by raising the coolant temperature. As the coolant temperature increases, the cylinder block wall temperaturs also increases and will result in reducing the HC emissions [11]. It concentrates mainly on gasoline engines where oil temperature is relatively lower and the tailpipe emissions are HC and CO. Fuel efficiency improvements about 10% are achieved in part load conditions by raising coolant temperature [7]. METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we will discuss about the procedures and entire activities to carry out in this whole project. The flow chart below will describe the steps that should be followed during this project. Basically there are 3 test that will be conducted that is dynamometer test, fuel test and emission test. 3.2 FLOW CHART Part Selection Select the type of liquid cooling and thermostat that will be used. Preparation and Setup Select the type of liquid cooling and thermostat that will be used. Run the experiment The experiment will be conducted to the conventional and modified cooling system. Emission Test Fuel Test Dynamometer Test Data Analysis TYPES OF METHODS 3.3.1 DYNAMOMETER TEST Dynamometer is actually a device use to measuring force, moment of force (torque) and power produced by an engine or motor. We can see the example from the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (RPM). Nowadays dyno test become more easier to operate with the advance of the modern computer and produce more accurate results. A dyno that paired with the computer will display the power rating of a given machine as a figure below. C:UsersFaisal Mamat.FaisalMamat-PCDesktopdynamometer-test-2.1-800800.jpg Figure 3.1 : Example Graph of Dynamometer Test Actually dyno test is used for various applications but the most common one is automobile testing. Automobile manufacturers will measure the performance of a car or truck in order to market its power. Sports car will modified their vehicles with aftermarket parts in order to achieve higher power output and then run the dyno test to evaluate their modifications. Dyno tests can be run in a couple of different ways which is chassis and engine dyno. When running a chassis dyno test, the vehicle to be tested is driven onto the dyno platform that simulates resistance through the use of automated wheels. For an engine dyno test, the engine to be tested is mounted to the dyno device. These different methods produce different measurements such as brake horse power and torque from a chassis dyno and flywheel horse power and torque from an engine dyno. Power is often lost through the drive train of a vehicle so the brake measurement will typically less than the flywheel measurement. The model that will be used for dynamometer testing is Dynapack 3000. The components of Dynapack 3000 consists of computer, sensors hub adaptors controller and power absorption units. This test is a bit from other dyno test because of the elimination of the tire to roller interface on a conventional roller dyno. It eliminates this variable by using a hub adaptor that provides a direct coupling to our power absorption units. There will be no tire slip, no rolling resistance and no chance of the vehicle coming off from the dyno at high speeds. For the theory of operation. Firstly the hubs of the vehicle are directly attached to hydraulic pumps. A variable load can be applied with all of the potential holding power that hydraulic possess. Figure below show that the wheels are removed from the vehicle and the variable fit hub adaptors are bolted to the vehicle axle. The hub adaptor is then directly attached to a hydraulic absorption unit. C:UsersFaisal Mamat.FaisalMamat-PCDesktopdyno and gas analyser2t1nkVS-bVa9gQb37zp6LeNyhqyOJc4TfM-fDuqeDVw.jpgC:UsersFaisal Mamat.FaisalMamat-PCDesktopdyno and gas analyservIQiOZd6MQEKChUSE_EjDet0c_3AZX3Ykc63jQJyo1g.jpg Figure 3.2 : Hub adaptor bolted to vehicle Figure 3.3 : Monitor of Dynapack 3000 3.3.2 FUEL TEST For the fuel test, a new fuel tank is used to replace with the existing tank. The problem with the existing tank is the fuel consumption cannot be measured correctly. The new fuel tank will be connected using the hose from the fuel pump to the series of injectors at cylinder head. Gasoline or RON 95 will used in this fuel test. The example for the new fuel tank is shown in figure below and the fuel pump is already attached on top of it. C:UsersFaisal Mamat.FaisalMamat-PCDesktopdyno and gas analyser8EYHfSB7JGJ_i1gO_0dpJCrDuHDVK9bGh1xnPJzzuSQ.jpg Figure 3.4 : The new fuel tank The test will be conducted according to the gears and revolution per minutes (RPM) that already been set. It is done to control the speed of the engine to get the accurate result of the fuel consumption without affected by the changing of gear on each test. The RPM and gears can be referred in the table below. Gear RPM Distance (km) 1 3000 2 3000 3 3000 4 4000 Table 3.1 : RPM for each of the gear 3.3.3 EMISSION TEST Hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) are measured in parts per million (ppm). For this emission test, the device that will be used is the gas analyzer 95/3. The gun of this device will be placed into the tailpipe to measure the exhaust rate. The data will be taken during the various RPM that already been set up which is 2000 rpm, 3000 rpm and 4000 rpm. The result of this test will be recorded in this device. C:UsersFaisal Mamat.FaisalMamat-PCDesktopdyno and gas analyservKBx3J-b1dLfHTA3MeaWYgo8LcKrPxDuaprQ5PBq-VY.jpg Figure 3.5 : Gas Analyzer 95/3 PROJECT SCHEDULE